Analysis of indicators related to visceral fat index based on the random forest model / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To explore indicators related to visceral fat index by constructing a random forest model.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, the laboratory measures and body composition analysis records of 617 hospital employees (in-service and retired) who underwent physical examination in Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital Health Management Center from March to September 2021 were selected. The subjects were divided into a training set ( n=411) and a test set ( n=206) with the ratio of 2∶1. A total of 110 predictors were included in the model. The model was constructed with the training set and was evaluated with the test set. The optimal number of nodes and decision trees were selected to evaluate the prediction performance of the optimal model. And the top 10 relatively important factors were selected for further investigation. The 617 participants were further divided in to groups according to the visceral fat index: the normal or high visceral fat index group, and the differences of the top 10 relatively important factors were further compared between the two groups. Results:The optimal number of nodes of the final random forest model was 39 and the number of decision trees was 300. The accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity of the model was 83.3%, 73.9%, 89.4% and 78.7%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and 95% confidence interval of the model was 0.881 (0.832-0.931). The top 10 relatively important factors in the model were body mass index, gender, age, serum uric acid, red blood cell count, monocyte cell count, C-peptide, carcinoembryonic antigen, glycosylated hemoglobin and glutamyl transpeptidase. There were significant differences in the up-mentioned 10 indicators between the subjects with normal and high visceral fat index (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The random forest model built in this study has good performance in predicting visceral fat index, and visceral fat is related with changes in liver function, pancreas function and immune function.

Effects of online learning on children's vision / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of online learning on children's vision. Methods We collected the vision data of children from the Huainan area recorded during December 1-31, 2019 (before online learning) and from December 31, 2020 to January 31, 2021 (after online learning) in Affiliated Ophthalmic Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology. These data were divided into three groups according to different age brackets: primary school (6-12 years, n = 1 124), middle school group (> 12-15 years, n = 552), and junior high group (> 15-18 years, n = 554). The change in vision after online learning relative to before online learning was analyzed using SPSS 22.0 software. Results Before online learning, the overall incidence of myopia was 52.70%, the incidence of myopia was 25.31% for 6-12 years old, 71.89% for > 12-15 years old, and 88.34% for > 15-18 years old. After online learning, the overall incidence of myopia was 62.40%, the incidence of myopia was 40.25% for 6-12 years old, 78.60% for > 12-15 years old, and 91.88% for > 15-18 years old. There were significant differences in the prevalence of myopia in each age bracket between before and after online learning ( χ2 = 21.44, P < 0.001). Conclusion Online learning greatly affects the vision of adolescents. Corresponding measures should be formulated to strengthen the prevention and control of myopia in children.

Prediction of trends for fine-scale spread of Oncomelania hupensis in Shanghai Municipality based on supervised machine learning models / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To predict the trends for fine-scale spread of Oncomelania hupensis based on supervised machine learning models in Shanghai Municipality, so as to provide insights into precision O. hupensis snail control.@*METHODS@#Based on 2016 O. hupensis snail survey data in Shanghai Municipality and climatic, geographical, vegetation and socioeconomic data relating to O. hupensis snail distribution, seven supervised machine learning models were created to predict the risk of snail spread in Shanghai, including decision tree, random forest, generalized boosted model, support vector machine, naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbor and C5.0. The performance of seven models for predicting snail spread was evaluated with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), F1-score and accuracy, and optimal models were selected to identify the environmental variables affecting snail spread and predict the areas at risk of snail spread in Shanghai Municipality.@*RESULTS@#Seven supervised machine learning models were successfully created to predict the risk of snail spread in Shanghai Municipality, and random forest (AUC = 0.901, F1-score = 0.840, ACC = 0.797) and generalized boosted model (AUC= 0.889, F1-score = 0.869, ACC = 0.835) showed higher predictive performance than other models. Random forest analysis showed that the three most important climatic variables contributing to snail spread in Shanghai included aridity (11.87%), ≥ 0 °C annual accumulated temperature (10.19%), moisture index (10.18%) and average annual precipitation (9.86%), the two most important vegetation variables included the vegetation index of the first quarter (8.30%) and vegetation index of the second quarter (7.69%). Snails were more likely to spread at aridity of < 0.87, ≥ 0 °C annual accumulated temperature of 5 550 to 5 675 °C, moisture index of > 39% and average annual precipitation of > 1 180 mm, and with the vegetation index of the first quarter of > 0.4 and the vegetation index of the first quarter of > 0.6. According to the water resource developments and township administrative maps, the areas at risk of snail spread were mainly predicted in 10 townships/subdistricts, covering the Xipian, Dongpian and Tainan sections of southern Shanghai.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Supervised machine learning models are effective to predict the risk of fine-scale O. hupensis snail spread and identify the environmental determinants relating to snail spread. The areas at risk of O. hupensis snail spread are mainly located in southwestern Songjiang District, northwestern Jinshan District and southeastern Qingpu District of Shanghai Municipality.

Introduction of Insulin Experiential Learning for Medical Students during Clinical Clerkship / 医学教育

In the treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy is becoming increasingly important. However, it is reported that insulin initiation is often delayed due to psychological resistance in patients and physician’s concerns about patient education. One of the reasons for this problem is medical doctors’ inadequate understanding of insulin self-injection and patients’ perspectives. Therefore, we introduced a new strategy for learning this more effectively. We set student doctors as target learners. The learning strategy consists of experiential learning through the use of insulin injection model, in-patient interviews, and small group learning. Our new practice seems to be useful to understand the perception gap between medical professionals and patients.

Effect of a Video-Based Case Presentation Educational Intervention Anchored on the Theory of Planned Behavior on Adoption of Oral Health Behaviors Among Dental Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study / Efecto de una intervención educativa de presentación de casos en video basada en la teoría del comportamiento planificado sobre la adopción de comportamientos de salud oral entre los pacientes dentales: un estudio cuasi-experimental

ABSTRACT: Objective: The integration of video technology in case-based presentations are useful approaches in teaching real-world problems that ultimately improves an individual's ability to reflect, analyze, and decide regarding any circumstance leading to change in behavior. Anchored on the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of an online case-based video patient education tool on the adoption of oral health behaviors by patients in the dental setting. Materials and Methods: The study was carried on 74 dental patients who were selected using simple sampling (37 patients each in Groups I and II). The two groups differed in presence (Group I-Control) or absence (Group II-Experimental) of prior exposure to professional oral care before Patient Educational Intervention through video-based case presentation was performed in the control and experimental groups. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18 software at 0.05 significance level. Results: A total of 37 participants per group in Groups I and II (N=74) responded to the pre-test phase and post-test phase. The pre-test mean scores of Groups I and II were 11.43 and 15.05, respectively. The post-test mean score of Groups I and II were 10.81 and 12.76, respectively. There is no statistical significance seen in the pre-test mean score and the post-test mean score of the patients who experienced professional oral health care (Group I) (p=0.113). However, there is a statistical significance in the mean pre-test score and the mean post-test score among patients who never experienced professional oral health care (Group II) (p=0.032). Conclusion: The study revealed that the video-based case presentations is an effective patient education strategy for dental patients who have never experienced professional oral health care manifested as a decline in the degree of dental neglect.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: La integración de la tecnología de video en presentaciones basadas en casos son enfoques útiles para enseñar problemas del mundo real que, en última instancia, mejoran la capacidad de un individuo para reflexionar, analizar y decidir sobre cualquier circunstancia que conduzca a un cambio de comportamiento. Anclado en la Teoría del Comportamiento Planificado, este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la efectividad de una herramienta de educación del paciente en video basada en casos en línea sobre la adopción de comportamientos de salud bucal por parte de los pacientes en el entorno dental. Materiales y métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en 74 pacientes dentales que fueron seleccionados mediante muestreo simple (37 pacientes cada uno en los Grupos I y II). Los dos grupos difirieron en presencia (Grupo I-Control) o ausencia (Grupo II-Experimental) de exposición previa a cuidados bucales profesionales antes de que se realizara la Intervención Educativa del Paciente a través de la presentación de casos en video en los grupos control y experimental. Los datos se recopilaron mediante un cuestionario y se analizaron con el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versión 18 a un nivel de significancia de 0.05. Resultados: Un total de 37 participantes por grupo en los Grupos I y II (N=74) respondieron a la fase previa a la prueba y a la fase posterior a la prueba. Las puntuaciones medias previas a la prueba de los Grupos I y II fueron 11,43 y 15,05, respectivamente. La puntuación media posterior a la prueba de los Grupos I y II fue 10,81 y 12,76, respectivamente. No se observa significancia estadística en la puntuación media previa a la prueba ni en la puntuación media posterior a la prueba de los pacientes que recibieron atención profesional de la salud bucal (Grupo I) (p=0,113). Sin embargo, existe una significancia estadística en la puntuación media previa a la prueba y la puntuación media posterior a la prueba entre los pacientes que nunca recibieron atención médica bucal profesional (Grupo II) (p=0,032). Conclusión: El estudio reveló que las presentaciones de casos en video son una estrategia eficaz de educación del paciente para los pacientes dentales que nunca han experimentado la atención de la salud bucal profesional que se manifiesta como una disminución en el grado de negligencia dental.

Construction and application of the model for learning based on immersive virtual reality / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Based on stimulus-organism-response (SOR) paradigm, this study proposes a conceptual framework of immersive virtual reality (IVR) learning model. To investigate the effect of IVR on learning process, this study has designed and implemented an educational application of appendectomy using IVR. The results indicate that IVR-based cognitive response, emotional response and learning results are significantly better than traditional learning. IVR learning model has a high level of immersion and user acceptance, and is expected to be employed to influence the learning satisfaction by the mediating effect of IVR presence in the future.

Practical Training in Pharmaceutical Rehabilitation Services at Medical School Using Video and Reflection / 医学教育

At Saitama Medical University, practical training in pharmaceutical service and rehabilitation services is conducted. Due to the spread of COVID-19 infection in 2020, it was difficult for third-year medical students to practice in the actual medical field. For this reason, students have been provided a remote practical training in pharmaceutical service and rehabilitation services, such as watching videos of working situations and interviews for pharmacist, physical therapist, occupational therapist and speech therapist, group works using Zoom, and exchanging questions and answers with those professions. Although student’s levels of readiness were diverse, they could learn more deeply about the roles and perspectives they had not learned previously, compared to conventional practical training. In addition to this effect, the program provided more opportunities for students to deepen their learning. Therefore, in the future, we would like to consider implementing a training program that provides both virtual and onsite experiences.

Modelo de aprendizaje organizacional: integración de las perspectivas de investigación / Organizational learning model: research perspectives integration / Modelo de aprendizagem organizacional: integração de perspectivas de pesquisa

Resumen Este trabajo presenta la construcción de un modelo de aprendizaje organizacional que integra tres perspectivas de investigación: conductual, cognitiva y social. Mediante la combinación de los procesos de adquisición, generación y distribución del conocimiento por parte de los miembros de la organización, los cambios en las rutinas debido a estos procesos y las condiciones socio-culturales que los facilitan. Para la conceptualización del modelo se utilizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura y para la formulación se plantearon las relaciones causales entre las principales variables explicativas del aprendizaje organización, bajo un enfoque sistémico, utilizando la metodología de modelamiento enriquecida de la dinámica de sistemas. Este nuevo constructo promete ser más integral que los constructos presentados hasta el momento en la literatura, logrando este alcance al incorporar las tres perspectivas teóricas sobre el aprendizaje organizacional. Para los profesionales, el modelo podría ser la base de una herramienta para el análisis de la capacidad de aprendizaje de las organizaciones.

Abstract This work presents the construction of an organizational learning model that integrates three research perspectives: behavioral, cognitive and social. By combining the processes of acquisition, generation and distribution of knowledge by members of the organization, the changes in the routines due to these processes and the sociocultural conditions that facilitate them. For the conceptualization of the model, a systematic literature review as used and for the formulation the causal relationships between the main explanatory variables of organizational learning were raised, under a systemic approach, using the enriched modeling methodology of the systems dynamics. This new construct promises to be more integral than the previous constructs, achieving this scope by incorporating the three theoretical perspectives on organizational learning. For professionals, the model could be the basis of a tool for analyzing the learning capacity of organizations.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta a construção de um modelo de aprendizagem organizacional que integra três perspectivas de pesquisa: comportamental, cognitiva e social. Combinando os processos de aquisição, geração e distribuição de conhecimento por membros da organização, as mudanças nas rotinas devidas a esses processos e as condições socioculturais que os facilitam. Para a conceptualização do modelo, foi utilizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura e, para a formulação, as relações causais entre as principai s variáveis explicativas da aprendizagem organizacional foram levantadas, sob uma abordagem sistêmica, utilizando a metodologia de modelagem enriquecida da dinâmica dos sistemas. Esta nova construção promete ser mais abrangente do que as construções apresentadas atê agora na literatura, alcançando esse escopo incorporando as três perspectivas teóricas sobre aprendizagem organizacional. Para os profissionais, o modelo poderia ser a base de uma ferramenta para analisar a capacidade de aprendizagem das organizações.

Multi-categorical classification using deep learning applied to the diagnosis of gastric cancer / Classificação multicategórica utilizando aprendizagem profunda aplicada ao diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma gástrico

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pathologists currently face a substantial increase in workload and complexity of their diagnosis work on different types of cancer. This is due to the increased incidence and detection of neoplasms, associated with diagnostic subspecialization and the advent of personalized medicine. There are numerous treatments available for different types of cancer, and the diagnosis must be dispensed quickly and accurately for each case. Deep learning is a tool that has been used in daily life, including image detection, and there is growing interest in its application in Medicine and especially in Pathology, where it has a revolutionary potential. Objective: In this article, we present deep learning, in particular convolutional neural networks, as a potential technique for the analysis of digitized images of histopathological slides, detecting identifiable patterns in an automated manner, introducing the possibility of applying this technology as an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of neoplasms, especially in gastric cancer, the object of this preliminary study. Method: From a database of digitized images of histopathological slides representative of gastric cancer, we identified three morphological patterns of neoplasia, as well as non-neoplastic tissue patterns, with which we train a convolutional neural network algorithm, designed to identify and categorize similar images within these standards, in an automated manner. Results: The results of identification and automatic classification in the defined categories were satisfactory, with ROC curves above 0.9. Conclusion: The results show the potential application of convolutional neural networks for digitized slides of gastric cancer, in accordance with international literature findings.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los patólogos enfrentan actualmente un aumento sustancial de su trabajo diagnóstico en diferentes tipos de cáncer. Eso ocurre debido al incremento de la incidencia y de la detección de neoplasias, además de la subespecialización diagnóstica y del advenimiento de la medicina personalizada. Hay numerosos tratamientos disponibles para diferentes tipos de cáncer, y el diagnóstico debe ser realizado con celeridad y precisión para cada caso. El aprendizaje profundo es una herramienta que ha sido empleada en el día a día, incluso en la detección de imágenes, y hay creciente interés en su aplicación en Medicina, especialmente en Patología, área en la que presenta potencial revolucionario. Objetivo: En este artículo presentamos el aprendizaje profundo, en especial las redes neuronales convolucionales, como una técnica potencial para el análisis de imágenes digitalizadas de portaobjetos histopatológicos, detectando patrones identificables de forma automatizada, introduciendo la posibilidad de empleo de esa tecnología como herramienta auxiliar en el diagnóstico de neoplasias, principalmente en el adenocarcinoma gástrico, objeto de este estudio preliminar. Métodos: A partir de una base de datos de imágenes digitalizadas de portaobjetos histopatológicos representativos de adenocarcinoma gástrico, identificamos tres patrones morfológicos de la neoplasia, así como patrones de tejidos no neoplásicos, con los cuales entrenamos un algoritmo de red neuronal convolucional, creado para identificar y categorizar imágenes semejantes dentro de eses patrones, de modo automatizado. Resultados: Los resultados de identificación y clasificación automática en las categorías definidas se mostraron satisfactorios, con curvas ROC por encima de 0,9. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran el potencial de aplicación de las redes neuronales convolucionales en portaobjetos digitalizados de adenocarcinoma gástrico, en conformidad con la literatura internacional.

RESUMO Introdução: Os patologistas enfrentam atualmente um aumento substancial na carga e na complexidade de seu trabalho diagnóstico em diferentes tipos de câncer. Isso ocorre devido ao aumento da incidência e da detecção de neoplasias, além da subespecialização diagnóstica e do advento da medicina personalizada. Existem inúmeros tratamentos disponíveis para diferentes tipos de câncer, e o diagnóstico deve ser dado com celeridade e precisão para cada caso. A aprendizagem profunda é uma ferramenta que vem sendo empregada no dia a dia, inclusive na detecção de imagens, e há crescente interesse em sua aplicação na Medicina, especialmente na Patologia, área em que apresenta potencial revolucionário. Objetivo: Neste artigo, apresentamos a aprendizagem profunda, em específico as redes neurais convolucionais, como uma potencial técnica para a análise de imagens digitalizadas de lâminas histopatológicas, detectando padrões identificáveis de forma automatizada, introduzindo a possibilidade de aplicação dessa tecnologia como ferramenta auxiliar no diagnóstico de neoplasias, principalmente no adenocarcinoma gástrico, objeto deste estudo preliminar. Métodos: A partir de um banco de dados de imagens digitalizadas de lâminas histopatológicas representativas de adenocarcinoma gástrico, identificamos três padrões morfológicos da neoplasia, bem como padrões de tecidos não neoplásicos, com os quais treinamos um algoritmo de rede neural convolucional, criado com a finalidade de identificar e categorizar imagens similares dentro desses padrões, de forma automatizada. Resultados: Os resultados de identificação e classificação automática nas categorias definidas mostraram-se satisfatórios, com curvas ROC acima de 0,9. Conclusão: Os resultados evidenciam o potencial de aplicação das redes neurais convolucionais em lâminas digitalizadas de adenocarcinoma gástrico, consoantes com a literatura internacional.

Recursos educativos abiertos para la enseñanza aprendizaje de Matemática Superior en Tecnología de la Salud / Open Educational Resources for Teaching and Learning Higher Mathematics on Health Technology Career

La utilización cada vez más creativa de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones en los procesos formativos, así como la participación activa de los usuarios y los propios docentes en la creación de contenidos digitales, son factores que han contribuido a la aparición del movimiento de recursos educativos abiertos. En Cuba, la Educación Médica Superior es uno de los contextos en los que de manera sostenida se trabaja en función de crear estos recursos y publicarlos en el dominio público, disponibles fundamentalmente a través los entornos virtuales de enseñanza-aprendizaje alojados en el Portal de Salud de Cuba. Pese a ello, se develaron insuficiencias dentro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Matemática Superior para las carreras de Tecnología de la Salud, en la Facultad de Enfermería-Tecnología de la Salud, de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, debido a la casi nula utilización de las facilidades que ofrece el modelo de aprendizaje en red, y la no disponibilidad de recursos de aprendizaje para ello. En consecuencia, se desarrollaron objetos de aprendizaje como recursos educativos abiertos, que apoyen el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la misma; y para lo cual se utilizó el eXeLEARNING como herramienta de desarrollo. Entre las principales características de los REA elaborados figuran haber sido creados con una intencionalidad educativa, haber sido estructurados en función de un objetivo educativo, ser independientes y poder ser ensamblados para conformar otros recursos educativos, de manera que pueden ser reutilizados en otros contextos educativos(AU)

The increasingly creative use of information and communication technologies in training processes, as well as the active participation of users and teachers in the creation of digital content, are factors that have contributed to the emergence of the movement of open educational resources. In Cuba, Higher Medical Education is one of the contexts in which a sustained effort is made to create these resources and publish them in the public domain, available primarily through the virtual teaching-learning environments hosted in the Health Website of Cuba. Despite this, shortcomings were revealed in the teaching-learning process of Higher Mathematics for Health Technology careers, in the Faculty of Nursing-Health Technology, of the University of Medical Sciences of Santiago de Cuba, due to the null use of the facilities offered by the e-learning model, and the unavailability of learning resources for it. As a result, learning objects were developed as open educational resources to support the teaching-learning process; and for which eXeLEARNING was used as the development environment tool. Among the main characteristics of the OER elaborated are: having been created with an educational intention, having been structured according to an educational objective, being independent and being able to be assembled to form other educational resources, so that they can be reused in other educational contexts(AU).

Reform of learning model of clinical pathology in primary traditional Chinese medicine hospitals in the new era / 中华医学教育探索杂志

At present, the 'Internet+' learning model is rapidly integrated with learning and work, which makes the teaching of clinical pathology in primary traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hospitals change rapidly in the new era. With rich network resources and convenient electronic information equipment, staff of clinical pathology has set to reform the teaching concept and innovate the learning model. In this paper, innovative learning models such as TCBIL, PSBIL, TTBIL, TLBIL, WPBIL that can meet the demands of clinical pathology teaching and work in primary TCM hospitals have been summarized after long-term observation and researches through a large number of literature review as well as clinical teaching practice and thinking. This paper aims to provide assistance to the development of the department of pathology in the primary TCM hospitals, meanwhile, offer beneficial exploration to the construction of 'Internet+' integrated medical education with Chinese characteristic in the new era and the education of TCM. Besides, this paper puts forward clear concepts of integrated learning model based on the analysis of the case of the Department of Pathology, Yongchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Chongqing Medical University and discuss the inherent characteristics and laws of learning model reform.

Reform of learning model of clinical pathology in primary traditional Chinese medicine hospitals in the new era / 中华医学教育探索杂志

At present,the 'Internet+' learning model is rapidly integrated with learning and work,which makes the teaching of clinical pathology in primary traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)hospitals change rapidly in the new era.With rich network resources and convenient electronic information equipment,staff of clinical pathology has set to reform the teaching concept and innovate the learning model.In this paper,innovative learning models such as TCBIL,PSBIL,TTBIL,TLBIL,WPBIL that can meet the demands of clinical pathology teaching and work in primary TCM hospitals have been summarized after long-term observation and researches through a large number of literature review as well as clinical teaching practice and thinking.This paper aims to provide assistance to the development of the department of pathology in the primary TCM hospitals,meanwhile,offer beneficial exploration to the construction of 'Internet+' integrated medical education with Chinese characteristic in the new era and the education of TCM.Besides,this paper puts forward clear concepts of integrated learning model based on the analysis of the case of the Department of Pathology,Yongchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Chongqing Medical University and discuss the inherent characteristics and laws of learning model reform.

The No-Effect of Player Role in Digital Games on Prosocial Behavior / Ausência de Efeito do Papel do Jogador de Jogos Digitais no Comportamento Prosocial / La Ausencia de Efecto de la Función del Jugador de Videojuegos en el Comportamiento Prosocial

Abstract In the past few years, several studies addressed the relation between game content and prosocial behavior. Although several evidences were found, the relation between those variables is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different roles played on prosocial behavior. In experiment 1, participants played either a violent or a prosocial role on the same game, and helping behavior and intention were measured. Results did not show the expected relation based on the evidence of the literature. In order to further investigate the evidence found, a second experiment was designed to test the effect of role played on both prosocial behavior and accessibility to prosocial thoughts. Again, results were not consistent with previous studies. Both experiments suggest the consideration of alternative interpretations, and raise questions about the relevance of the role played, game content and moderation variables on the explanation of this effect.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, diversos estudos enfocaram a relação entre o conteúdo de jogos e o comportamento prosocial. Apesar de várias evidências terem sido encontradas, a relação entre tais variáveis não é completamente compreendida. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o efeito de diferentes papéis jogados no comportamento prosocial. No experimento 1, participantes jogaram ou um papel violento ou um prosocial em um mesmo jogo, e comportamento e intenção de ajuda foram mensurados. Os resultados não evidenciaram a relação esperada em função das evidências da literatura. Com o intuito de investigar mais a fundo as evidências encontradas, um segundo experimento foi concebido para testar o efeito do papel jogado tanto no comportamento prosocial quanto na acessibilidade a cognições prosociais. Novamente, os resultados não foram consistentes com estudos anteriores. Ambos os experimentos sugerem a consideração de explicações alternativas, e levantam questões acerca da relevância do papel jogado, do conteúdo do jogo e de variáveis de moderação na explicação deste efeito.

Resumen En los últimos años, muchos estudios se centran en la relación entre el contenido de los juegos y el comportamiento prosocial. Aunque se han encontrado varias evidencias, la relación entre estas variables no se entiende por completo. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar el efecto de diferentes funciones que desempeñan en el comportamiento prosocial. En el Experimento 1, los participantes desempeñan un papel o violento o prosocial en el mismo juego, y se midieron el comportamiento y la intención de ayudar. Los resultados no muestran la relación esperada sobre la base de evidencia de la literatura. Experimento 2 fue diseñado para investigar el efecto de la función que desempeña tanto en la conducta prosocial y la accesibilidad de las cogniciones prosociales. Una vez más, los resultados no fueron consistentes con estudios previos. Ambos experimentos sugieren la consideración de explicaciones alternativas, y plantean preguntas sobre la relevancia del papel que desempeñan, el contenido del juego y las variables moderadoras en la explicación de este efecto.

Efeito dos jogos digitais no comportamento: análise do General Learning Model / Efecto de los videojuegos en el comportamiento: análisis del General Learning Model / The Effect of digital games on behavior: analysis of the General Learning Model

Os jogos digitais vêm ocupando um espaço maior na vida das pessoas. Com a popularização de computadores pessoais, consoles de videogame e artefatos portáteis, uma quantidade maior de pessoas passa mais tempo exposta a diferentes jogos e diversas áreas do conhecimento estudam quais consequências estão associadas a este fenômeno. Além disso, os jogos digitais são comumente associados a uma série de comportamentos antissociais, como agressões e assassinatos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é discutir um conjunto de evidências sobre a influência de jogos nas dimensões de comportamento, cognição, afeto e excitação, com base no General Learning Model, tendo como foco dados relacionados à agressividade e à prosocialidade. Além disso, busca-se apresentar as principais críticas associadas às pesquisas da área, como a qualidade das medidas utilizadas, a seleção de jogos para pesquisas e o potencial explicativo do modelo. Por fim, sugere-se agenda de pesquisa com o intuito de contribuir com o aprimoramento deste campo de investigação.

Digital games now occupy more space in people's lives. Since the popularization of personal computers, game consoles and portable devices more people spend more time exposed to a greater variety of games. Researchers in various fields have been studying the consequences of this phenomenon. Digital games are commonly associated with a range of antisocial behaviors such as aggression and murder. This paper's objective is to discuss evidence about the influence of games on human behavior, cognition, affect and arousal, based on the General Learning Model, focusing on available data related to aggression and prosociality. Several criticisms of the extant research are discussed: the poor quality of the measures used, the games used in research and the explanatory power of this model. Finally, a research agenda to improve work is this field is proposed.

Juegos digitales han estado ocupando un gran espacio en la vida de las personas. Con la popularización de las computadoras personales, consolas de videojuegos y los artefactos portátiles, una gran cantidad de personas que pasan más tiempo expuestos a diferentes juegos y las diferentes áreas de conocimiento a estudiar qué consecuencias son associadas a este fenómeno. Además, los juegos digitales son comúnmente asociados con una serie de conductas antisociales, como la agresión y el asesinato. El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir una serie de pruebas com respecto a la influencia de los juegos en las dimensiones de la conducta, la cognición, el afecto y la excitación, con base en el General Learning Model, centrándose en los datos relativos a la agresión y prosocialidad. Además, presenta las principales críticas asociadas a la investigación deste objeto, tales como la calidad de las medidas utilizadas, la selección de la investigación de juegos y el poder explicativo del modelo. Por último, se sugiere una agenda de investigación con el fin de contribuir a la mejora de este campo de investigación.

Web Research Learning of Physiology in Rehabilitation Specialty / 中国康复理论与实践

@# This paper introduced the implementing process, characteristics and effects of the web research learning of physiology. Research learning based on Web promoted reform of physiology teaching, enhanced ability of self-study, integration and innovative of students

Categorías de un modelo andragógico para los cuidadores de enfermos de Alzheimer / Towards improving an Andragogic learning Model for professional taking care of Alzheimer Patients

Introducción. La andragogía está orientada hacia la educación de los adultos; los cuidadores como adulto responsables de un enfermo de Alzheimer deben contar con herramientas didácticas que mejoren su calidad de vida y desempeño. Objetivo. Determinar el enfoque para un modelo andragógico que incremente la capacidad del cuidador de un enfermo de Alzheimer basado en el significado de su experiencia. Metodología. Se trata un estudio observacional, descriptivo, exploratorio; la muestra fue de 29 cuidadores de enfermos de Alzheimer, siendo adultos, mujeres y familiares cercanos del paciente. A dichos cuidadores se le aplicó un cuestionario de 22 ítems de sobrecarga del cuidador propuesta por Zarit sobre la relación del cuidador con el enfermo, las relaciones sociales del cuidador, el efecto del cuidado en el estrés, capacidad y su salud, teniendo un alfa de Cronbach de .93. Resultados. Los resultados del estudio señalaron que el modelo andragógico debe orientarse de manera particular hacia conocimientos, habilidades e información que forme e instruya al cuidador sobre su capacidad para hacer frente al cuidado de un enfermo de Alzheimer, elementos como salud, relaciones con el paciente y con otras personas son afectados por razón del cuidado. De los resultados de otras investigaciones donde está presente un cuidador y un paciente, el presente documento coincide en señalar una incidencia sobre la vida cotidiana del cuidador por efecto de las relaciones y la gravedad de la enfermedad del paciente. Conclusiones: Es factible diseñar un modelo andragógico fundamentado en: conocimientos, habilidades e información que instruyan al cuidador sobre su capacidad para hacer frente al cuidado de un enfermo de Alzheimer.

The teaching practice of problem-based learning model in obstetrics and gynecology in com-bination with traditional learning model for seven-year medical students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

It is very important and necessary for seven-year students to accept good medical education.There are advantages and disadvantages when problem-based learning model and traditional learning model are used in teaching practice.How can a seven-year student be-come an excellent doctor is a very important problem in teaching practice of clinical medicine including Obstetrics and Gynecology.Problem-based learning model in combination with tradi-tional learning model is a good choice for seven-year students.Anatomical model of the human body,multimedia and internet can be used in teaching practice of problem-based learning model.

The application of seminar learning model in training postgraduates of health management / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Seminar is an exploratory learning model with problem-based and project-or-ganized characteristics.The application practice of Seminar learning model in the process of teaching and training postgraduates of health management shows that the model has an important influence on improving the quality of postgraduates in our country.

Designing of Cooperative Learning Model in Medical English Teaching in Open Studying Environment / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The establishment of new teaching model in the open teaching environment has promised dramatic changes in the way we teach and learn in medical English.Through the combination of the character of medical English teaching and our experience of On-line Medical English Teaching,we introduce a cooperative model in Web-based course design for enhancing traditional face-to-face classroom teaching for further improvement in the process of reform.

A Hybrid Machine Learning Approach To the Promoter Prediction Problem / 대한의료정보학회지

With recent explosive growth of bulky biological data available, there are great needs of developing rapid autonomous algorithms in bioinformatics. In result, there has be en a great deal of attempts to apply various data mining techniques and learning algorithms to various fields of bioinformatics and a good example of this trend is the promoter and motif search area to which NN (Neural Network), HMM (Hidden Markov Model), and clustering algorithms have been applied and several good public software programs are available. Learning algorithms explore a part of big learning space effectively by their own biases. Thus, in many occasions, different learning algorithms have radically different results especially when the target concept is uncertain or stochastically defined and/or the background knowledge of the problem is limited. In this case, it is useful to apply a hybrid learning approach which two or more mutually compensative algorithms (e.g. a low false positive algorithm and a low false negative algorithm) are effectively combined. In this paper, we report a series of experiments with a hybrid learning approach in promoter prediction problem. Three available public software systems are tested and two of them (McPromoter and PROMOTER SCAN) are hierarchically combined and tested. The result shows that the hybrid learning model in this problem is quite plausible (better than any of the two base systems in accuracy and low false alarms) and many other learning algorithms could be more useful in this approach than being applied independently.